Why do vaginal dryness, odor, and irritation happen during menopause and postmenopause?

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As estrogen levels decline, the tissues of the vagina and vulva can become thinner, drier, less elastic, and more easily irritated. These changes are part of Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM).

GSM may include: Vaginal dryness • burning or irritation • discomfort during sex • urinary urgency or frequency • recurring UTIs.

Changes in the vaginal environment may also affect odor. However, a new, strong, or persistent odor—especially with unusual discharge, bleeding, pain, or significant irritation—should be discussed with a healthcare provider.